Publications

 Chang, M., & Brainerd, C. J. (under revision). Judgments of learning enhance elaborative rather than relational processing: Implications from phonologically related and phonological-semantic mediated pairs.

Brainerd, C. J., Bialer, D. M., Liu, X., & Chang, M. (under revision). A new look at confidence in memory: a large-n study

Chang, M., Brainerd, C. J, Bialer, D. M., & Liu, X.  (2025). How gist and association affect false memory: False recognition and gist rating norms. Behavior Research Methods. [PDF]

Brainerd, C. J, Chang, M., Bialer, D. M., & Liu, X.  (in press). Memory framing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition

Chang, M., Johns, B. T., & Brainerd, C. J. (2025). True and false recognition in MINERVA2: Integrating fuzzy-trace theory and computational memory modeling. Psychological Review. [PDF]

Brainerd, C. J., Bialer, D. M., Liu, X., & Chang, M. (2025). Developmental invariance in deep distortion. Psychology & Aging, 40(2), 178–196. . [PDF]

Chang, M., & Brainerd, C. J. (2024). Effects of emotional ambiguity and emotional intensity on true and false memory. Memory & Cognition, 52, 1494–1509. [PDF] 

Chang, M., & Brainerd, C. J. (2024). Judgment of learning reactivity on item-specific and relational processing.  Journal of Intelligence.https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12010004. [PDF] 

Brainerd, C. J., Bialer, D. M., Chang, M., & Liu, X. (2024). Deep distortions in memory for everyday facts: Fact memory is illogical, too. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. [PDF] 

Brainerd, C. J., Chang, M., Bialer, D. M., & Liu, X. (2023). From association to gist: Some critical tests. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition. [PDF]

Chang, M., & Johns, B. T. (2023). Integrating distributed semantic models with an instance memory model to explain false recognition. In M. Goldwater, F. Anggoro, B. Hayes, & D. Ong (Eds.), Proceedings of the 45th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 2042-2049). Sydney: Cognitive Science Society.  [PDF]

Chang, M., Jones, M. N., & Johns, B. T. (2023). Comparing word frequency, semantic diversity, and semantic distinctiveness in lexical organization. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001407. [PDF] 

Chang, M., & Brainerd, C. J. (2023). The recognition effects of attribute ambiguity. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-023-02291-5. [PDF]

Chang, M., & Brainerd, C. J. (2023). The font size effect depends on inter-item relation. Memory & Cognition. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-023-01419-1  [PDF] 

Brainerd, C. J., Liu, X., Bialer, D. M., & Chang, M.  (2023). The big three: Accuracy, organization, and retrieval effects of latent semantic attributes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001365 [PDF]

Brainerd, C. J., Chang, M., Bialer, D. M., & Liu, X. (2023). How does attribute ambiguity improve memory? Memory & Cognition, 51, 38-70. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-022-01343-w [PDF]

Chang, M., & Brainerd, C. J. (2023). Changed-goal or cue-strengthening? Examining the reactivity of judgments of learning with the dual-retrieval model. Metacognition and Learning, 18, 183–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-022-09321-y [PDF] 

Chang, M., & Brainerd, C. J. (2022). Predicting conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease with multimodal factor scores. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 44(4), 316-335. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2022.2115015 [PDF] 

Brainerd, C. J., Bialer, D. M., & Chang, M. (2022). Memory effects of semantic attributes: A method of controlling attribute contamination. Behavior Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-022-01945-x [PDF]

Chang, M., & Brainerd, C. J. (2022). Association and dissociation between judgments of learning and memory: A meta-analysis of the font size effect. Metacognition and Learning, 17, 443-476. 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-021-09287-3 [PDF] 

Brainerd, C. J., Bialer, D. M., Chang, M. & Upadhyay, P. (2022). A fundamental asymmetry in human memory: Old ≠ not-new and new ≠ not-old. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 48(12), 1850-1867. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001101  [PDF]

Brainerd, C. J., Bialer, D. M., & Chang, M. (2022). Fuzzy-trace theory and false memory: Meta-analysis of conjoint recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 48(11), 1680-1697. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001040 [PDF]

Chang, M., & Brainerd, C. J. (2021). Semantic and phonological false memory: A review of theory and data. Journal of Memory and Language, 119, 104210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2020.104210 [PDF]

Brainerd, C. J., Chang, M., Bialer, D. M., & Toglia, M. P. (2021). Semantic ambiguity and memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 121, 104286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2021.104286 [PDF]

Chang, M., & Brainerd, C. J. (2021). Factor analyses of the ADNI neuropsychological battery: An examination of diagnostic and longitudinal invariance. Neuropsychology, 35(4), 434-450. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000736 [PDF]

Brainerd, C. J., Chang, M., & Bialer, D. M. (2021). Emotional ambiguity and memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 150(8), 1476-1499. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001011 [PDF]

Chang, M., Brainerd, C. J., Toglia, M. P., & Schmidt, S. R. (2021). Norms for emotion-false memory lists. Behavior Research Methods, 53(1), 96-112. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-020-01410-7 [PDF]

Brainerd, C. J., Chang, M., & Bialer, D. M. (2020). From association to gist. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 46(11), 2106-2127. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000938 [PDF]

Brainerd, C. J., Bialer, D. M., & Chang, M. (2020). Norming retrieval processes. Journal of Memory and Language, 115, 104143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2020.104143 [PDF]

Brainerd, C. J., Nakamura, K., Chang, M., & Bialer, D. M. (2019). Verbatim editing: A general model of recollection rejection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 45(10), 1776-1790. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000684 [PDF]

Brainerd, C. J., Nakamura, K., Chang, M., & Bialer, D. M. (2019). Super-overdistribution. Journal of Memory and Language, 108, 104027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2019 [PDF]

Odegaard, B., Chang, M. Y., Lau, H., & Cheung, S. H. (2018). Inflation versus filling-in: Why we feel we see more than we actually do in peripheral vision. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 373, 20170345. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0345 [PDF]

Chang, M., Johns, B. T., & Brainerd, C. J.  (2024). True and false recognition in MINERVA2: Integrating fuzzy-trace theory and computational memory modeling. Poster presented at the 65th Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society. New York, NY, U.S.A. [PDF] 

Chang, M., Johns, B. T., & Brainerd, C. J.  (2024). True and false recognition in MINERVA2: Inspirations from fuzzy-trace theory. Paper presented at the 2024 Annual Conference of the Association for Research in Memory, Attention, Decision-making, Imaging, Language, Learning, and Organization. College Station, TX, U.S.A.

Chang, M., & Brainerd, C. J. (2023). Examining judgment of learning reactivity via the lens of dual retrieval models. Paper presented at 2023 Biannual meeting of the International Association of Metacognition. San Francisco, CA, U.S.A. [PDF]

Chang, M., & Johns, B. T. (2023). Integrating neural embedding models with an instance memory model to explain false recognition. Paper presented at the 45th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Sydney, Australia. [PDF]

Chang, M., & Brainerd, C. J. (2023). Judgment of learning reactivity is stronger for randomized than blocked categorized lists: A challenge for the item-specific processing account. Poster presented at the 45th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Sydney, Australia. [PDF]

Chang, M., & Johns, B. T. (2023). Integrating Neural Embedding Models with an Instance Memory Model to Explain False Recognition. Paper presented at the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society for Brain, Behaviour and Cognitive Science (CSBBCS). Guelph, ON, Canada. [PDF]

Chang, M., & Brainerd, C. J. (2022). Changed-goal or cue-strengthening? An investigation into the underlying mechanisms of judgment of learning reactivity. Poster presented at the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society. Boston, MA, U.S.A. [PDF]

Brainerd, C. J., Bialer, D. M., Chang, M., Liu, X., Reyna, V. F., & Nakaruma,K. (2022). Deep Distortions. Paper presented at the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society. Boston, MA, U.S.A.

Chang, M., & Brainerd, C. J. (2022). Changed-goal or cue-strengthening? An investigation into the underlying mechanisms of judgment of learning reactivity. Poster presented at the 44th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. [Recording] [PDF]

Chang, M., & Brainerd, C. J. (2021). A meta-analysis for the font size effect: Judgments of learning and memory are not always dissociated. Poster presented at the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society. [PDF] Recipient of the 2021 Psychonomic Society Graduate Conference Award. 

Brainerd, C. J., Chang, M., Bialer, D. M., Reyna, V. F., & Nakaruma, K. (2021). From association to gist. Paper presented at the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society.

Bialer, D. M., Brainerd, C. J., & Chang, M. (2021). Why are semantically ambiguous words remembered better? Can latency in semantic ratings help explain the pattern? Poster presented at the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society.

Chang, M., & Brainerd, C. J. (2021). Semantic and phonological false memory: A review of theory and data. Poster presented at the 43rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. [Recording] [PDF]

Chang, M., & Brainerd, C. J. (2020). Higher semantic ambiguity leads to better recall in addition to higher semantic intensity. Poster presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society. [PDF] Recipient of the 2020 Psychonomic Society Graduate Conference Award. 

Brainerd, C. J., Chang, M., & Bialer, D. M. (2020). Old ≠ not-new and new ≠ not-old. Paper presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society.

Chang, M., & Brainerd, C. J. (2019). Dual-retrieval models and metamemory in younger and older adults. Poster presented at the 60th Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Montreal, QC, Canada. [PDF] 

Brainerd, C. J., Bialer, D. M, Chang, M., & Nakamura, K. (2019). Quantum memory. Paper presented at the 60th Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Montreal, QC, Canada.

Chang, M., Marche T., & Brainerd, C. J. (2018). Memory for medical procedures in children and adolescents with diabetes. Poster presented at the 59th Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A. [PDF] 

Brainerd, C. J., Nakamura, K., Chang, M., & Bialer, D. M. (2018). Super-overdistribution in episodic memory. Paper presented at the 59th Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A.